What area did the word "west" refer to before the discovery of the Americas by Europeans?

 Before the discovery of the Americas by Europeans, the word "west" referred to a different region of the known world at that time. Some key points:

• In medieval Europe, the "west" designated the area west of the Mediterranean Sea, including lands like Iberia (Spain/Portugal), North Africa, and the Levant (coastal Mediterranean region). This was new territory explored by Europeans expanding beyond the Mediterranean.

• With the expansion of trade routes like the Silk Road, the west also came to include the Middle East, Central Asia, India, and even parts of China - as European merchants traveled further east. Spices, silk, and other goods from these regions became prized in Europe.

• The west was a mysterious, exotic region associated with adventure, trade, and danger. It represented the unknown frontier of exploration for Europeans at the time, in contrast with the settled, familiar agricultural societies of Europe. 

• Important landmarks in the west included the Strait of Gibraltar, the Pyramids of Giza in Egypt, the Suez Canal, and port cities like Tangier, Tripoli, Alexandria, and Aden. Mediterranean coastal routes and seas were crucial corridors of contact with the west.

• With increased contact, institutions like the Catholic Church established a presence in the west, building churches, monasteries, and converting local populations to Christianity along trade/military routes. The spread of religion was linked to the expansion of European influence.

• Naval exploration, first by the Greeks, then later European powers like the Portuguese, led to new discoveries in the west like the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Azores, and Madeira - expanding horizons further. 

• Historical figures like Pytheas, Hanno the Navigator, Prince Henry the Navigator, and explorers like Vasco da Gama helped pioneer exploration and navigation in the western world, expanding knowledge of lands, peoples, trade routes, and sea routes step by step.

• The discovery of the Americas by Columbus in 1492 led to the realization that a whole second "western continent" existed. So the meaning of the word "west" shifted to refer to the American continents in addition to Eurasia. A radical new western frontier had been found.

So in summary, before the discovery of the Americas, the term "west" referred initially to the western Mediterranean region, but gradually encompassed more of Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and even parts of China - as Europeans explored further east and south from their Mediterranean cores. The discovery of the Americas then transformed the conception of the west, creating a new western frontier of exploration and conquest for European powers. The word's meaning evolved progressively with the expansion of geographical knowledge itself.

How did the Catholic Church establish a presence in the west?

The Catholic Church established its presence in the west ( areas west of the Mediterranean) in several key ways:

1. Missionary activity. Christian missionaries, often monks or friars, traveled along trade routes into the west, converting local populations to Christianity. They built churches, monasteries, and proclaimed the gospel in regions like North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Prominent missionary orders include the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits.

2. Military conquests. When European kingdoms colonized or conquered lands in the west, the Catholic Church would often follow to convert the native populations and solidify Christian control. The spread of the faith was linked to the expansion of political/military power. For example, the Reconquista in Spain, Crusades in the Levant, and colonization of the Americas. 

3. Alliances with rulers. The Pope and Catholic Church would forge alliances with Christian rulers in Europe, granting them authority to conquer lands in the name of Christianity. Rulers were expected to spread the faith in newly conquered realms. This allowed the Church to expand its influence through the military victories of Christian kings and empires. 

4. Appointing bishops. As the Church established a foothold in the west, the Pope would appoint native Christian bishops and archbishops to oversee local congregations. This helped organize Christianity in the region under papal authority and Roman doctrine, rather than it developing independently. Bishops also built dioceses, monasteries, and continuing the missionary work.

5. Revenue and wealth. Prosperous trade routes, pilgrimage sites, and converted populations meant the Church accrued land, wealth, and revenue streams in the west. This included tithes, taxes, indulgences, relic sales, luxurious churches, etc. Wealth and patronage only increased the power and influence of the Church over time. 

6. Latin rites. Imposing Latin liturgy, doctrine, and church hierarchy helped unify Christianity across cultures under the leadership of the Pope. Rather than indigenous Christianities developing, the faith took on a standardized Roman character - strengthening papal control over the west. 

7. Papal authority. All of these means - mission, military force, alliances, appointed bishops, wealth, Latin rites - allowed the Pope to exert ever-greater authority over Christians living in the west, far from Rome. Obedience to the papacy was crucial to establishing and maintaining the Church's presence. Heresy or schism could not be tolerated. 

So in summary, the Catholic Church established itself in the west through a combination of missionary zeal, alliance with European rulers, military conquest, wealth accumulation, appointing bishops, imposing Latin rites, and asserting the Pope's supreme authority over all Christians - regardless of location, culture, or culture. A unified, hierarchical Christian communion under papal dominion was the goal. And it was achieved through gradual expansion, consolidation of power, and close interweaving of religious, political, military and economic interests.

What was the impact of the Catholic Church's presence in the west on the local populations?

The impact of the Catholic Church's presence on local populations in the west was profound and complex, including:

Positive impacts:

• Conversion and baptism. Many western populations converted to Christianity, received baptism, and became members of the Church. This led to the promise of salvation and an eternal afterlife according to Christian belief. 

• Social services. The Church provided important social services, including charity, healthcare, education, and care for the poor/orphaned. Monasteries and churches acted as centers of community life, offering these services to both Christians and non-Christians. 

• Cultural preservation. In some cases, the Church helped preserve local cultural traditions, languages, art, and heritage - incorporating them into Christian worship and doctrine. Some argue this prevented the loss of cultural identity as populations converted. 

• Political alliances. Aligning with the Church provided rulers access to resources, legitimacy, and military/political support from European powers. This could strengthen and stabilize rule, at the cost of independence. 

• Infrastructure. The Church funded the building of important infrastructure like roads, ports, monasteries, dioceses, churches, schools, hospitals which benefited local economies and mobility. 

Negative impacts:

• Loss of religious freedom. Conversion to Christianity was not always voluntary. Heresy and paganism were suppressed, and religious diversity diminished under Church authority. Local faiths and beliefs were often demonized. 

• Foreign domination. As the Church expanded its influence through the power of European rulers and empire, this led to the domination of local populations by foreign Christian masters. Sovereignty and self-governance were undermined.

• Cultural destruction. In some cases, the Church deliberately destroyed pagan religious sites, artifacts, and practices - viewing them as barbaric, heretical or satanic. This could accelerate the erosion of cultural heritage and identity. 

• Taxes and tithing. The Church required payments of tithes, taxes, fees, indulgences and more from congregations - contributing to the impoverishment and debt bondage of some populations. Wealth often flowed from poor parishioners to the Church hierarchy. 

• Inequality. The Church upheld the social order, acceptingthe inequality and subjugation of some groups as divinely ordained. It did not fundamentally challenge the Distribution of power, land, and resources - even when unjust. The interests of rulers and nobility were aligned with the Church.

• Violence. At times, the spread of Christianity was through campaigns of violence, warfare, and terror against non-Christians. The sword and cross were wielded together in the name of religious conquest and conversion. This led to death, oppression and trauma for some groups. 

So in summary, the impact of the Catholic Church on local populations in the west was diverse, contradictory and open to complex interpretations. At times it preserved identities, built communities and provided needed services. But more often its influence undermined independence, enabled foreign rule, justified inequality, spread through violence, and ultimately dominated and exploited subjects in the pursuit of power, wealth, and faith. The greater good of salvation and the unity of Christendom under papal rule was the motivation - but at a heavy cost, and to the detriment of pre-existing religious, cultural and political orders.